Ndashe, K.; Mainda, G.; Makungu, C.; Caudell, M.; Changula, K.; Mtui-Malamsha, N.; Kimani, T.; Muma, J.; Nyirenda, M.; Sinkala, M.; Hang'ombe, B.

Aquaculture in Zambia is rapidly expanding, contributing significantly to food security and income generation. However, the intensification of fish farming raises concerns about antimicrobial use (AMU) and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of fish farmers regarding AMU and AMR across 25 districts in Zambia\'s ten provinces. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed via district fisheries officers and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including logistic regression. The results revealed significant knowledge gaps, with only 17.4% of farmers classified as knowledgeable about AMU and AMR. Attitude assessments showed that 60.5% of respondents had positive attitudes toward responsible AMU, while 39.5% exhibited negative perceptions. Regarding practices, 76.5% adhered to good practices such as consulting veterinary professionals and using antibiotics responsibly, whereas 23.5% engaged in poor practices. Key factors influencing KAP outcomes included age, farming experience, and annual production capacity. Farmers aged 30 to 39 years and those with 1 to 5 years of experience demonstrated significantly more positive attitudes (p < 0.05), while those with higher production capacities (501 to 1000 kg) showed better practices (p < 0.001). These findings highlight critical knowledge deficiencies and inconsistent practices regarding AMU and AMR among Zambian fish farmers. Targeted interventions such as educational programs, improved access to veterinary services, and strengthened regulatory frameworks are essential to promote responsible AMU, reduce AMR risks, and support sustainable aquaculture development in Zambia.