Hao Ding

The systemic recoil velocity ($v_\mathrm{sys}$) distribution of millisecond pulsars (MSPs) is essential for understanding the MSP formation and estimating the retention fractions of MSPs in star clusters, which can potentially be determined with astrometric studies that take into account MSPs' long-term dynamic evolution and the scarcity of radial velocity measurements. We compiled 65 isolated (or field) MSP systems (including lone MSPs) that are well astrometrically determined, and calculated their transverse peculiar (or space) velocities $\boldsymbol{v}_\perp$ and Galactic heights $z$. We find that the observed Galactic-longitude components $v_\mathrm{l}$ of $\boldsymbol{v}_\perp$ can be well described by a linear combination of three normal distributions. Assuming that 1) $v_\mathrm{l}$ are statistically stable over time (the "stable-$v_\mathrm{l}$" assumption), and 2) $\boldsymbol{v}_\mathrm{sys}$ directions are uniformly distributed (the "isotropic-$\boldsymbol{v}_\mathrm{sys}$" assumption), the MSP $v_\mathrm{sys}$ distribution can be approximated by a linear combination of three Maxwellian components. Our dynamical population synthesis analysis based on the derived $v_\mathrm{sys}$ distribution verified the "stable-$v_\mathrm{l}$" assumption in the parameter space of this work, and estimated the initial and the current Galaxy-wide scale heights of isolated MSP systems to be about 0.32 kpc and 0.66 kpc, respectively. According to the MSP $v_\mathrm{sys}$ distribution, $\sim13$% of all the MSPs born in a globular cluster (GC) with the nominal 50 $\mathrm{km~s^{-1}}$ central escape velocity can be retained. Therefore, the $v_\mathrm{sys}$ distribution of isolated MSP systems may account for the high number of MSPs discovered in GCs, which implies that MSPs in star clusters may follow the same formation channel(s) as isolated MSP systems.