Zwoinska, M. K.; Widjaja, A. N.; Lind, M. I.; Akgül, A. D.; Altan, A. S.; Aydın, D.; Cukurbaglı, D.; Renhuldt, N. T.; Venkataramani, A. G.; Chen, H.-y.

Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI) allows organisms to express heritable responses to environmental stresses, and can potentially contribute to adaptive evolution. The microbivorous model organism *Caenorhabditis* elegans is perhaps the best example, as it can learn to avoid pathogenic *Pseudomonas* bacteria and transmit this learned avoidance to its offspring. However, the extent to which TEI is widespread in nature remains unclear, and therefore our understanding of the generality of this response is limited. To address this, we conducted the first comparative study of TEI across five *Caenorhabditis* nematode worm species (*C. kamaaina*, *C. elegans*, *C. tropicalis*, *C. remanei* and *C. briggsae*). These species differ in RNA interference competence and in the degree of sequence homology between *Caenorhabditis* worm genes and bacterial RNAs, two factors thought to influence epigenetic responses. We examined transgenerational avoidance of *P. vranovensis*, a pathogen that reduces fitness in all five species tested. In addition to *C. elegans*, we found that *C. remanei* also exhibited transgenerational avoidance of *P. vranovensis*, whereas neither learning nor inheritance was observed in the other three species. In addition, parental exposure to *P. vranovensis* also conferred a transgenerational survival benefit upon pathogen encounter in *C. elegans*, *C. remanei* and *C. tropicalis*. Our findings show that TEI of pathogen avoidance extends beyond *C. elegans* but is not a general response across *Caenorhabditis* species. This shows that TEI is a species-specific response and highlights the need to understand TEI alongside other responses to environmental variability.